AIlessphobia in Education and Academic Procrastination among Undergraduate Students in Sports Sciences: A Cross-Sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.7466Keywords:
Phobia, Academic procrastination, Artificial intelligence, Correlational study, Sports sciencesAbstract
AIlessphobia in education refers to the anxiety, fear, and feeling of inadequacy that students experience when they are unable to access or use artificial intelligence (AI) tools during academic tasks. AIlessphobia in education, which has been proposed as a relatively new psychological concept in educational settings, may be related to students' self-regulation difficulties and procrastination tendencies. In this context, this study examined the relationship between AIlessphobia in education and academic procrastination in students of the Faculty of Sport Sciences. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study and included 313 undergraduate students selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a demographic information form, the AIlessphobia in Education Scale and the Academic Procrastination Scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression were used to analyse the data. The findings indicated that AIlessphobia in education and its subdimensions were positively associated with academic procrastination. In the regression model, AIlessphobia in education was significantly associated with academic procrastination and explained 5.2% of the variance. Although the explained variance was small, the findings suggest that higher AIlessphobia in education levels are associated with higher academic procrastination. These findings contribute to the emerging literature on AI-related psychological constructs in education and indicate that academic procrastination may be a significant correlate of AIlessphobia in education among university students.
References
Aksoğan, M., & Atıcı, B. (2022). The relationship between university students' nomophobia levels and academic procrastination behaviors. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 24(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.937544
Arıbaş, A. N. (2021). The relationship of time management and academic procrastination: A case of university students. The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute, (46), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.909737
Baca, A., Dabnichki, P., Heller, M., & Kornfeind, P. (2018). Ubiquitous computing in sports: A review and analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(12), 1321–1334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903277427
Bandura, A., & National Inst of Mental Health. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (23. Baskı). Pegem Akademi. https://doi.org/10.14527/9789944919289
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). An Examination of the general procrastination behavior and academic procrastination behavior in high-school and university students (Unpublished master’s dissertation). Ankara University Institute of Educational Sciences, Türkiye.
Çiftçi, İ. (2023). Smartphone addiction and academic procrastination: A study on sports sciences students. Yalova University Journal of Sports Sciences, 2(3), 245-257. Retrieved from https://izlik.org/JA99YH82DM
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Gezgin, D. M. (2022). Gender, self-regulation, academic procrastination, and smartphone checking frequency during study hours in predicting Turkish adolescents’ smartphone addiction. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 9(1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2021.21027
Gezgin, D. M. (2024). Chatbot use in education: a study on deep and surface learning approaches of university students: Balkan 11TH International Conference on Social Sciences (pp. 638–640). Skopje, North Macedonia.
Gezgin, D. M. (2025). Prevalence of AIlessphobia in education: Engineering students‘ fear of AI unavailability: 25th International Scientific Conference UNITECH. Gabrovo, Bulgaria.
Gezgin, D. M., & Kurtça Türk. T. (2024). Developing the AIlessphobia in education scale and examining its psychometric characteristics. Education and Information Technologies, 30(4), 4471–4491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12984-6
Gezgin, D. M., Türk Kurtça, T., Mihci, C., Lin, C. Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2025). The role of self‐regulated learning in modelling the relationships between learning approaches, FoMO and smartphone addiction among university students. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(6), 2296-2320. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13572
Goyal, A. (2025). AI as a cognitive partner: A systematic review of the influence of AI on metacognition and self-reflection in critical thinking. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar1427
Hashim, M. A. M., Tlemsani, I., & Robin Matthews. (2021). Higher education strategy in digital transformation. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 3171-3195). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10739-1
Herm, L.V. (2023). Impact of explainable AI on eognitive load: Insights from an empirical study. ECIS 2023 Research Papers, 269. Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2023_rp/269
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Education Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
Karagöz, K., & Özbay, S. Ç. (2025). The mediating effect of academic procrastination on the relationship between nomophobia and netlessphobia in nursing students. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 15(2), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1522954
Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hull, G. H. (2012). Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Liu, M., Ren, Y., Nyagoga, L. M., Stonier, F., Wu, Z., & Yu, L. (2023). Future of education in the era of generative artificial intelligence: Consensus among Chinese scholars on applications of ChatGPT in schools. Future in Educational Research, 1(1), 72–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/fer3.10
Ma, Y., & Chen, M. (2024). AI-empowered applications effects on EFL learners’ engagement in the classroom and academic procrastination. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 739. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02248-w
Meier, A., Reinecke, L., & Meltzer, C. E. (2016). “Facebocrastination”? Predictors of using Facebook for procrastination and its effects on students’ well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.011
Miranda, J. P. P., Cruz, M. a. D., Fernandez, A. B., Balahadia, F. F., Aviles, J. S., Caro, C. A., Liwanag, I. G., & Gaña, E. P. (2025). Erosion of critical academic skills due to AI dependency among tertiary students. In Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series (pp. 25–48). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0122-8.ch002
Önder, A. N., Yıldırım, E. G., & Önder, İ. (2023). Association of morningness-eveningness preference, happiness, and academic achievement with procrastination in university students. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 8(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHD.2023.134381
Özbay, Ö. (2026). Exploring the relationship between fear of being without artificial intelligence, AI addiction, and academic self-efficacy among university students. Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research, 12(Special Issue)), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.59409/ojer.1755463
Özberk, E. H., & Kurtça, T. T. (2021). Profiles of academic procrastination in higher education: A cross-cultural study using latent profile analysis. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 8(3), 150-160. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2021.8.3.465
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
Pychyl, T. A., & Sirois, F. M. (2016). Procrastination, emotion regulation, and well-being. In F. M. Sirois & T. A. Pychyl (Eds.), Procrastination, health, and well-being (pp. 163–188). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802862-9.00008-6
Ragusa, A., González-Bernal, J., Trigueros, R., Caggiano, V., Navarro, N., Minguez-Minguez, L., Obregón A., & Fernandez-Ortega, C. (2023). Effects of academic self-regulation on procrastination, academic stress and anxiety, resilience and academic performance in a sample of Spanish secondary school students. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1073529. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1073529
Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016). Cognitive offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(9), 676–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.002
Sağlam, R. K., & Kalanlar, B. (2025). Living with and without AI: A mixed-methods study on AI usage, addiction, and 'AIlessphobia' in nursing students. Nurse Education in Practice, 88, 104530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2025.104530
Sandhya, M., & Gopinath, T. (2019). The relationship study of Big five model of personality and procrastination among young adults. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 24(8), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2408074455
Saylam, D. K., Çamlıyer, H., Çamlıyer, H., & Ekim, N. (2021). Investigation of academic procrastination levels of faculty of sports sciences students. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 146-153. https://doi.org/10.30769/usbd.1023013
Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short‐term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
Tang, Y., & He, W. (2025). Impact of social media addiction on college students’ academic procrastination: A chain mediated effect of lack of self-control and fear of missing out. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1668567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1668567
Tárrega-Piquer, I., Valero-Chillerón, M. J., González-Chordá, V. M., Llagostera-Reverter, I., Cervera-Gasch, Á., Andreu-Pejo, L., Pérez-Cantó, V., Ortíz-Mallasén, V., Blasco-Palau, G., & Mena-Tudela, D. (2023). Nomophobia and its relationship with social anxiety and procrastination in nursing students: An observational study. Nursing Reports, 13(4), 1695–1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13040140
Tian, Q., Mustapha, S., & Min, J. (2024). The mediation effect of academic self-efficacy on academic procrastination, performance, and satisfaction of Chinese local Technology University undergraduates. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 17, 3779–3798. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s479189
Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x
Tülübaş, T., Karakose, T., & Papadakis, S. (2023). A holistic investigation of the relationship between digital addiction and academic achievement among students. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(10), 2006–2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13100143
Wolters, C. A. (2003). Understanding procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.1.179
Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in human behavior, 49, 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education–where are the educators? International journal of educational technology in higher education, 16(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Zhang, S., Zhao, X., Zhou, T., & Kim, J. H. (2024). Do you have AI dependency? The roles of academic self-efficacy, academic stress, and performance expectations on problematic AI usage behavior. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00467-0
Zhao, X., Wang, H., Ma, Z., Zhang, L., & Chang, T. (2025). Smartphone addiction and academic procrastination among college students: A serial mediation model of self-control and academic self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1572963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1572963
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–39). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50031-7
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal on Studies in Education

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Articles may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Authors alone are responsible for the contents of their articles. The journal owns the copyright of the articles. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of the research material.
The author(s) of a manuscript agree that if the manuscript is accepted for publication in the International Journal on Studies in Education (IJonSE), the published article will be copyrighted using a Creative Commons “Attribution 4.0 International” license. This license allows others to freely copy, distribute, and display the copyrighted work, and derivative works based upon it, under certain specified conditions.
Authors are responsible for obtaining written permission to include any images or artwork for which they do not hold copyright in their articles, or to adapt any such images or artwork for inclusion in their articles. The copyright holder must be made explicitly aware that the image(s) or artwork will be made freely available online as part of the article under a Creative Commons “Attribution 4.0 International” license.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
